Fig. 1. Two sources, one surface. Where crests meet, the waves add; where a crest meets a trough, the surface stays quiet. Move a source and the quiet lines redraw themselves. An illustrative model, not a result from a paper.
§1 · Your research
It starts with a paper.
You bring the research. iPaper.ai builds an interactive companion for readers to explore and you to share.
An original idea. A new way to see it.
Bring your paper to life.
Link an open-access paper or upload a PDF you have permission to use.
Creative direction & options Optional
Add a focus, audience, or idea—or leave it to iPaper.ai.
Your draft stays private until you approve and publish it.
§2 · How it works
From the original research to a hands-on explanation.
01
Link your paper.
Paste an open-access paper link or DOI, or upload a complete PDF and confirm permission to use it.
02
Bring the ideas to life.
iPaper.ai reads the full text and selected figures, then builds an experience around the research.
03
Review, then publish.
Review in this browser. Submit changes or approve the version you want to share. You can save verified email access for other devices.
The paper asks how strongly an applied magnetic field can suppress electron heat conduction in a laser-heated plasma, and whether the temperature gain keeps growing with field strength. In experiments on a hydrogen gas jet in fields up to 20 T, Thomson scattering measured a peak electron temperature about 1.4 times higher than without a field. The gain saturates from 10 T, a Hall parameter near 50, consistent with analytical estimates and Vlasov-Fokker-Planck simulations. Limitation: the saturated state lasts only about 0.5 ns before the density cavitates and heating falls.
A simulation study asking how the water cycle of a tidally-locked, Earth-like planet depends on its total, finite inventory of water. Using nine idealised general circulation model runs (Isca) with a 'bucket' land hydrology — initial global water depths of 1, 10 and 100 m and three evaporation thresholds — the authors find that every simulated world evolves toward an 'eyeball' state with a barren day side and water cold-trapped on the night side, but that a lake just east of the substellar point can form first and persist for 150–350 years (1 m), 1000–1300 years (10 m) or about 8000 years (100
Can a standard scanning electron microscope reveal very fast mechanical motion? The authors time-tag secondary electrons and sort repeated drive cycles into phase-resolved movies of quartz and an AFM cantilever assembly. The quartz benchmark demonstrates about 3 nm spatial and 3 ns temporal tracking jitter. Effective frame spacing is independent of raster speed; reconstruction requires reproducible motion and takes minutes to hours.
Synchrotron X-ray microtomography and atlas-based shape analysis of 68 weevil specimens reveal continuous trochanter shape variation across seven sampled family-level groups, alongside a restricted set of joint-component combinations. Four recurrent joint architectures include paired screw-and-nut articulations, which also occur in the early-diverging Caridae. Robust three-dimensional helix fits show that winding angle covaries with major shape axes, whereas fitted axial pitch has no robust association with shape, size or proxy phylogeny. These are measured anatomical and comparative results;
Microscopes trade resolution, field of view and frame rate against the sensor's limited pixel throughput. The authors build and experimentally demonstrate a microscope that treats a 6 × 8 array of 48 sensors as one large 'super sensor' (active pixels cover only ~22% of its area) and place a fabricated 64-level diffractive optical element in the pupil that turns each point into 15 spots, so every sample position sends light to at least one sensor. A sparsity- and total-variation-regularized reconstruction with a fully shift-variant convolutional forward model then recovers a gap-free image, ext
Using observed Trackinsight ETF holdings and primary-market flows from June 2020 onward, the authors examine how cumulative ETF pressure relates to next-month stock returns. For U.S. thematic and sectoral ETFs they identify negative short-horizon and positive nine-to-twelve-month associations, then combine standardized twelve-month and three-month pressures into a stock-ranking signal evaluated in hypothetical historical and January–August 2026 post-sample portfolios. The dataset does not cover all global ETF assets, and the simple portfolio construction has substantial turnover. European equi
The researchers experimentally reprogram one thin-film lithium-niobate slab waveguide to route spatial modes, sort beam shapes, multiply intensity vectors by matrices, and control wavelength response. Projected illumination changes the refractive-index landscape, while physics-aware training combines measured outputs with gradients from a calibrated beam-propagation model. Demonstrated functions include four- and eight-mode permutations, broadband operation at 1500–1600 nm, and separation of 1310 nm and 1550 nm. The present index contrast of about 1.7 × 10⁻³ limits device compactness and trans
The researchers fabricate a disconnected three-dimensional artificial spin ice inspired by the pyrochlore lattice, using two-photon lithography, pyrolysis and magnetic thin-film deposition to place tilted nanomagnets at four heights. Magnetic force microscopy identifies single-domain, s- and vortex states; micromagnetic calculations explain how dimensions influence these textures, and a point-dipole calculation shows how tilt changes vertex energy ordering. Synchrotron imaging improves structural visibility but does not reliably determine the magnetic configuration. Uniform single-domain array
Experiments at the ZEUS laser facility compare Gaussian and orbital-angular-momentum laser drivers for laser wakefield acceleration. Both produce 300–550 MeV electrons, while the twisted driver produces two separated beamlets. Fourier–Bessel particle-in-cell simulations reproduce the splitting and connect it to two rotating azimuthal trapping positions and helical electron motion. Helical trajectories and controlled rotation reversal are simulation results; the proposed structured X-ray applications are prospective.
Measurements of eight frog neural crest cell clusters migrating toward stiffer gel reveal asymmetric height profiles with rearward peaks. The authors extend active-wetting theory so basal cell motion drives internal flow, pressure differences and surface curvature, and fit the numerical model to the averaged measured profile. The fit gives a capillary number of 0.29 ± 0.03 and an estimated viscosity of about 8.2 kPa·s. The viscosity estimate depends on the assumed amplitude of basal velocity variations, which were not directly measured.
This literature review maps artificial intelligence and machine learning across the composite-material lifecycle. A bibliometric analysis counts 1,474 publications from 2010–2025 in seven journals, complemented by a technical review of over 200 studies in the supplied author-submitted manuscript. Mechanics and failure dominate research volume, and the review connects methods to design, manufacturing, performance, monitoring and sustainability tasks. Its synthesis emphasizes physics integration, uncertainty quantification and sensing to address limited generalization from simulations or small d
The researchers screen-printed flexible infrared sensors from p- and n-type thermoelectric films and varied ink composition to tune film thickness. Measurements under a 10.6 µm CO₂ laser showed that thinner films generated larger voltages despite the intermediate films having higher absorptance; the thinnest paired-leg sensor reached 107.7 mV W⁻¹. Finite-element simulations reproduced the thickness trend, although the paired-leg thickness dependence was stronger in measurements than in the model. The demonstrated performance is laser-based; wearable and proximity-sensing uses are proposed appl
This experimental study combines silver-nanoparticle-engineered bacterial cellulose with a contact–separation triboelectric nanogenerator and a passive power-management circuit. The optimized 5 wt% silver film paired with PTFE produced 1264 V open-circuit voltage and 60 μA short-circuit current. A Zener-triggered SCR buck stage shifted the matching load from 60 MΩ to 220 kΩ and increased energy stored in capacitors; a subsequent regulator enabled low-power device demonstrations. Reversible humidity response and body-motion signals were also measured. Results establish a laboratory materials-an
This review synthesizes artificial intelligence applications in additive manufacturing across lightweight design, in situ monitoring, energy optimization, and cost-effective manufacturing. It reports results from separate prior studies and proposes a four-stage closed-loop framework connecting design, process planning, production, and continuous model updating, with an infrastructure stack and implementation roadmap. The integrated framework is proposed; many reviewed models remain limited to particular machines, materials, or simulated datasets, and cross-machine closed-loop validation remain
This experimental study asks how U-type hexaferrite particle composition and loading affect extrusion-printed gelatin–alginate scaffolds. Four magnetic formulations and a particle-free control were characterized: all magnetic scaffolds responded qualitatively to a permanent magnet and retained acceptable printability; higher loading reinforced the ink network, while low-loading aluminum-substituted particles produced the greatest water uptake. A 24-hour RAW264.7 macrophage assay found no significant loss of metabolic activity. Magnetic force and cell behavior under magnetic stimulation were no
DURABLE integrates gel-droplet bacterial isolation, rapid carbon-steel bead screening, genome sequencing, metabolite profiling, and electrochemical validation to connect fuel-tank microorganisms with corrosion mechanisms. In laboratory experiments, 84 isolates were screened in approximately two days, with 42 corrosive and 42 noncorrosive isolates; selected chemicals accelerated corrosion in R2A medium or inhibited it in 0.5 M hydrochloric acid. Cultivable diversity was not assessed comprehensively, and validation of microbial consortia and field mitigation remains future work.
The researchers experimentally characterised a screwless, two-plunger micro-injection moulding machine and compared short-shot POM parts with three-dimensional filling simulations. They translated measured plunger overtravel and other machine deviations into corrected simulation boundary conditions, improving agreement with observed flow fronts and injected mass. The corrected simulations retained mass differences of 1.85–5.78 mg, averaging 3.60 mg. The numerical corrections are specific to this machine, POM material and dog-bone geometry; long-term overtravel variability was not investigated.
This perspective examines how machine learning can explore molecules and materials while reducing resource use across data generation, training, inference and laboratory workflows. It estimates computational carbon footprints from reported resource inputs and proposes reuse of open datasets and models, physically informed representations, active learning, multi-fidelity calculations and model distillation. The central contribution is a resource-aware discovery framework; its benefits depend on the task and infrastructure, and reliable transfer to real conditions and experimental synthesis rema
This experimental study asks how chemical preservation changes label-free stimulated Raman scattering images. The authors measured 2,325 cultured HeLa cells across live and five fixation conditions, comparing spectral shape, band intensity, cell area and lipid spatial distribution. Formaldehyde-based fixatives best retained lipid spatial patterns; glutaraldehyde increased signal with little change in area, whereas alcohol fixation reduced lipid signal and reorganized cellular structures. The study compared separate cell populations in a single imaging plane; it did not measure paired changes i
This qualitative case study asks how software professionals experience a mandated industrial introduction of AI development tools and anticipate changes to their profession. Semi-structured interviews with 12 professionals at three Swedish telecommunications-company sites describe context-dependent usefulness, large-system limits, human responsibility, and a gap between management expectations and developers’ reported experience. The authors interpret six themes through Technology Acceptance Model 2 and propose perceived risk as an additional construct for future acceptance models. These are s
The study asks how to program liquid-crystal alignment throughout three-dimensional printed microactuators. Experiments use two-photon polymerization and diffusion-guided reorientation at the growing polymer interface to encode multiple alignment domains, enabling reversible contraction, bending and twisting, plus microsphere handling and scattering-triggered gripping. Reliable reorientation depends on printing geometry, dose and transport time; switching alignment in bulk builds requires an inter-layer interval exceeding about 3 seconds under the reported conditions.
The study asks how to metallize and selectively insulate complex 3D-printed neural probes without lithographic masks. Two-photon polymerization creates a four-electrode, 2-mm shank whose re-entrant trenches guide line-of-sight Ti/Pt evaporation and whose convex electrode edges stop capillary-driven SU-8 encapsulation. Measured resistance, electrochemical characterization, microscopy and insertion into 0.6% agarose support electrical and mechanical integrity; finite-element simulations separately predict buckling thresholds. The demonstrated device is a proof of concept, with long-term stabilit
This experimental study asks how conformal thin films can be patterned on complex three-dimensional surfaces. Scaffold-Architected Lift-Off (SALO) uses lithographically defined sacrificial scaffolds, usually printed by two-photon polymerization, followed by thin-film deposition and mechanical removal through sonication in isopropanol. The authors demonstrate patterned metal and atomic-layer-deposited films on curved, stepped and vertical surfaces, selective and sequential multi-material patterning, a conducting nanowire crossing a slope, and a fiber-tip diffraction grating. Scaffold geometry a
Can topography make a water-loving resin repel water? Two-photon polymerisation produced re-entrant and hierarchical OrmoComp arrays. At 20 µm spacing, multi-crown surfaces measured a 151° water contact angle and 9° sliding angle without repellent coatings. Mainly 2D simulations explain contact-line pinning and air retention, with a Cassie–Baxter state sustained to 40 µm for this design. Tests used 2 × 2 mm arrays; large-area throughput and mechanical/environmental durability remain open.
Can a microscope restore images without knowing how far the object is out of focus? The authors jointly optimize a circular phase mask and a Richardson-Lucy deconvolution algorithm with a Wiener-Butterworth back projector using simulated blur and shot noise. They fabricate the mask with two-photon grayscale lithography and experimentally restore etched smile patterns displaced by up to ±10 mm, as well as three fibers at different depths. A nearly invariant Bessel-like point spread function makes one restoration model useful across depth. The demonstrated low-numerical-aperture system retains a
High-speed experiments in DMSO/water mixtures test how trace Tween 80 and sodium dodecyl sulphate affect bubble bursting near the conditions that minimise the first jet droplet. Surfactant increases that droplet's radius and lowers its speed even when the initial surface tension changes little. For Tween 80 at c/ccmc = 0.0233, the measured radius rises by a factor of 2.8 and the paper reports an approximately twentyfold increase in volume. The authors interpret the observations through surfactant accumulation, local surface-tension gradients and Marangoni stress, which widens the jet and delay
Can two-photon polymerization fabricate miniaturized chromatography columns whose flow architecture and interaction surfaces are controlled separately? The authors printed functionalized polymer monoliths with CAD-defined Schoen gyroid macropores and chemically generated finer pores, verified the structure by scanning electron microscopy and nano-computed tomography, and measured reversed-phase retention of naphthalene and fluoranthene in a 6 mm column assembled from two printed segments. Delaying the solvent gradient shifted the two nonpolar peaks while acetylsalicylic acid remained near the
The study asks how two-photon polymerization can produce open 3D fibrous cell-culture scaffolds without unintended directional geometry from elongated voxels and proximity effects. Using OrmoComp, the authors experimentally characterized line writing, developed uniformly spaced elliptical shell designs and calibrated laser power by scaffold level. Electron microscopy measured near-unity beam aspect ratios for nominal 3, 5, 7 and 10 micrometer designs. After two hours in fibronectin-coated cages, NIH 3T3 fibroblasts showed increasing nuclear volume with beam width and a plateau between 7 and 10
The study asks how light-based additive manufacturing can produce hydrogel structures with controlled material interfaces, chemical gradients and stiffness. Experiments demonstrate multimaterial GelMA and four-arm polyethylene glycol structures using resin exchange, two-photon-printed honeycombs, reversible rhodamine B loading and retained acrylated-dye gradients, alongside tunable mechanical properties and a salt-responsive capacitance demonstration. The diffusion coefficient is an effective macroscopic estimate from optical images; biocompatibility was assessed only preliminarily in a 24-hou
The study develops poly(2-oxazoline) resins that are printed by two-photon polymerization into hydrogel grids and then covalently functionalized with RGD peptides. Measured microscopy observations show that ethyl-sidechain grids repel L929 fibroblasts, amine-bearing grids promote attachment, and RGD-functionalized grids accelerate early spreading. The 25 µm openings allow entry into cavities, whereas 10 µm openings restrict these cells to exterior surfaces. The demonstrated cell responses concern L929 fibroblasts; Figure 6 quantification comes from one experiment.
The study asks how printed surface geometry can position human cortical organoids, strengthen their interface with a substrate, and guide neuronal outgrowth. Two-photon polymerization fabricated IP-Q cultivation platforms with funnels, slopes, rods, steps and walls. Experiments after 14 days of culture showed positioning, rod enclosure and biased neurite orientations; migrated neurons fired action potentials. A mirrored platform supported a two-organoid co-culture with neuronal outgrowth across a shared imaging window. The co-culture remains a proof of concept: the study did not establish func
The study asks how the shape and density of artificial dendritic spines influence early neuronal development. Two-photon polymerization produced thin, stubby and mushroom-shaped polymer arrays at three densities. Experiments with primary chicken-embryo cortical neurons measured growth dynamics, growth-cone morphology, adhesion-protein localization and neurite branching, showing that surface geometry and spacing alter these responses. The evidence concerns early in vitro development; applications to neural interfaces and tissue regeneration are proposed rather than demonstrated.
The study asks how permanent micro-magnets can be reliably integrated into polymer microrobots during two-photon polymerization. The authors experimentally demonstrate direct printing around pre-aligned magnets in a helical swimmer, a MicroTumbler, a compliant micro-gripper, and a mini-MicroTumbler. A sputtered tantalum coating enables incorporation of initially uncoated 100 μm magnets. Bench-top measurements show frequency-dependent swimming and tumbling and field-controlled gripping; fixture arrays offer a route to unattended fabrication. Current throughput and further miniaturization are co
Hall and colleagues experimentally characterize two cylindrical polymer bellows microsprings fabricated by two-photon polymerization in IP-Dip. Compression tests reveal specimen-dependent linear and nonlinear stiffness regions, continued displacement under held loads, and altered load–displacement responses after months in ambient laboratory storage. Low-frequency cyclic loading reveals a displacement lag and increasing effective damping with frequency. A simplified finite-element model connects deformation to the folded geometry. These measured behaviors motivate attention to time, aging, and
How can a scaffold vary one physical cue while preserving others? The authors parameterized three-dimensional strut-based meta-biomaterials, ran 44,837 numerical homogenization simulations and optimized pairs that contrast Poisson’s ratio or relative mass density. Selected designs were fabricated by PolyJet printing and two-photon polymerization; mechanical and permeability measurements tested the predictions. Decoupling is approximate: permeability was excluded from the density-pair average, and measured density-pair stiffnesses differ more than predicted. Independently testing scaffold effec
This experimental study develops a fabrication route for a three-dimensional pyrochlore artificial spin ice made from physically separated permalloy nanomagnets at four heights. Two-photon lithography prints a polymer scaffold; controlled pyrolysis on a hemispherical decoupling base reduces its dimensions to about one third; thin-film deposition forms the tilted magnetic islands. Magnetic force microscopy identifies single-domain, s-, and vortex states, supported by micromagnetic simulations. A point-dipole model predicts equal Type I and Type II vertex energies near 35° and a preference for T
This experimental study asks how inclined three-dimensional scaffolds affect exchange bias in sputtered CoFe/IrMn bilayers. Two-photon lithography produces 20 µm-long microwire scaffolds at 0°, 30° and 45°, and dark-field magneto-optical Kerr measurements resolve their magnetic reversal. Smooth wires show increasing exchange bias and coercivity with tilt, consistent with geometrically reduced coating thickness; rougher inclined wires show weaker bias enhancement. The demonstrated scope is three inclinations and micron-sized wires, with quantitative AFM roughness measurements restricted to flat
Can transparent, low-refractive-index polymers route visible colors efficiently at the pixel scale? Pan and colleagues inverse-design a four-nanopillar RGGB color router and fabricate it in IP-L resin using two-photon polymerization. Simulations give approximately 87% overall visible transmission and experiments approximately 70%, with measured peak routing efficiencies of about 40%, 51% and 48% for blue, green and red. A projector-and-microscope imaging experiment with a monochrome CMOS camera demonstrates color reconstruction and shorter exposures. This is an optical proof of concept rather
The study asks whether amorphous silicon can supply both intrinsic near-infrared photoluminescence and a compact resonant cavity for integrated photonics. Solution-synthesized silicon microspheres exhibit room-temperature whispering-gallery-mode emission between 800 and 1100 nm, with a maximum measured quality factor of 522. Experiments demonstrate temperature-, environment-, and optical-power-dependent tuning and light routing into an IP-Dip waveguide and flared coupler fabricated by two-photon polymerization. Electromagnetic simulations identify modes and analyze coupling and upward extracti
The study asks whether large side openings can make on-chip hollow-core waveguides accessible to diffusing matter while retaining light guidance. Two-photon-polymerized photonic scaffolds reach 80% cladding openness, with measured transmission bands and selected air propagation losses of 0.42–0.93 dB/mm at 68% openness; a resonator model supports anti-resonant confinement and Bloch-mode formation. Experiments demonstrate rapid dye entry, Rhodamine 6G absorption spectroscopy and transmission of quantum-dot single photons. The effective light–liquid interaction volume is calculated to be about 1
The paper models how pillar-and-scaffold structures couple to nitrogen-vacancy emitters in nanodiamonds. Simulated joint-site peak Purcell factors reach about 4 without silver and 20 with a 50 nm silver coating. Two-photon polymerization produces silver-coated polymer scaffolds; reflectance reveals a 647.69 nm resonance with Q = 16.97 ± 4.70. NV emission enhancement is modeled, while fabrication and resonance are demonstrated experimentally. Fabricated structures are 40 µm wide; simulated structures are 3.1 µm wide.
Can compact on-chip optics collect angular information independently from many sites? Furman and colleagues fabricate ellipsoidal IP-Dip microlenses directly on optical microcavities using two-photon polymerization. Measured spectra and energy-filtered images demonstrate approximately 0.95 numerical aperture and parallel momentum-space imaging at 64 sites, including at 4.5 K. In a CdTe cavity, measured polariton condensation thresholds under microlens excitation are nearly an order of magnitude lower than in nearby regions excited with a 0.55-NA objective. Ray-tracing and transfer-matrix simul
Can a thin liquid-crystal lens combine continuous phase control with electrical switching? The authors fabricated polymer-stabilized Fresnel zone plates by two-photon polymerization direct laser writing inside a 20 µm nematic liquid-crystal cell. Microscopy and measured optical focusing demonstrate ON/OFF operation for a 2π device and discrete focal states at 24 mm (0 Vpp) and 48 mm (2.1 Vpp), plus an OFF state, for a 4π device. A matched continuous 2π plate produced approximately 1.96 times the binary plate’s focal peak intensity. The lens is polarization-sensitive and switches between design
Can a compact, three-dimensional metasurface produce broadband circularly polarized terahertz reflection? Chaudhary and colleagues print L-shaped polymer resonators by two-photon polymerization and metallize them with approximately 200 nm of gold. Reflection-mode terahertz time-domain measurements and electromagnetic simulations support quarter-wave operation over a reported 0.75–1.30 THz band, with axial ratio below 3 dB and approximately 54% fractional bandwidth. The structure balances orthogonal reflected fields and their relative phase. Its performance depends on illumination alignment: th
The study asks how a manufacturable polymer metalens can bring the red, green and blue channels of a compact near-eye display to one focus. A differentiable inverse-design framework selects cylindrical pillars from a fabrication-constrained height-and-diameter library and maximizes the weakest RGB focusing efficiency. Two-photon lithography produces the three-dimensional master; a conformal silicon dioxide layer enables soft-mold nanoimprint replication. Simulated efficiencies are 33%, 34% and 34% at 450, 532 and 635 nm; measured efficiencies are 27.1%, 28.2% and 29.1%, with diffraction-limite
The study develops a water-soluble photoresist for sacrificial supports in two-photon lithography. Measured printing, dissolution, mechanical and optical tests show that supports can be removed in mild aqueous media while permanent structures remain; demonstrations include 100 µm single-clamped cantilevers and biconvex microlenses. Most tested microscale structures dissolved within 10 minutes in static room-temperature water, and flowing or 45 °C water accelerated removal to within 4 minutes. Molecular dynamics simulations support strong polymer–water affinity. Processing depends on dry condit
This review asks how two-photon lithography can combine submicron 3D geometry with functional inorganic materials. It synthesizes published fabrication studies in which photosensitive precursors are printed and converted through pyrolysis, annealing, or sintering into glass, ceramics, metals, or carbon, connecting precursor chemistry and structural evolution to applications in optics, mechanics, electronics, and biointerfaces. The reported demonstrations come from the reviewed literature; future directions are proposed. Controlling shrinkage while increasing throughput and integrating compatib
This review asks how resin chemistry, two-photon lithography settings, post-processing, and testing environment determine the mechanical behavior of printed microstructures. It synthesizes published measurements across photoresist classes and compares surface, bulk, and dynamic characterization strategies, showing how mechanics supports cell-force sensing, metamaterials, and precision probes. It reports no new fabrication experiment or universal calibration; mechanical values depend on scale, environment, and protocol, and a standardized metrological framework remains incomplete.
The study asks how two-photon lithography can fabricate preassembled microscale joints with moving parts without sacrificial supports. Experiments show that a high-yield-stress epoxy photoresist temporarily immobilises unsupported components, while fluorosilane surface grafting reduces friction after development. Cone–sphere tests establish a reliable 2.5 μm clearance under selected printing conditions; printed hair-inspired joints move reversibly under fluid drive, and drying dice arrays yield approximately uniform face frequencies. Fluid–structure responses are also simulated. The authors id
This experimental study measures lateral shear adhesion of IP-S two-photon-polymerized microstructures on plasma-activated silicon, ITO-coated glass, MAPTMS-silanized silicon and SU8-coated silicon. SU8 interlayers give higher peak forces and retain more normalized adhesion after acetone exposure, while rounded structures improve adhesion on substrates showing interfacial failure. Finite-element simulations connect the geometry effect to residual stress. The measured conclusions concern the tested resin, geometries and processing protocols; SU8 geometry comparisons were excluded because partia
The study asks how atomically precise metal nanoclusters can be assembled into programmable three-dimensional structures while retaining their discrete cores. Rheological measurements of six gold-nanocluster systems and molecular-dynamics simulations link longer ligand shells and smaller cores to greater mobility. Nitrene-mediated two-photon lithography covalently crosslinks ligand shells; the liquid-like Au25–C12 resist yields smoother architectures with approximately 200 nm suspended linewidths. Electrical measurements show p-type semiconducting behavior and about three orders of magnitude l
The authors investigate how point-wise laser dose control in two-photon polymerization can encode spatial material properties rather than geometry alone. They provide a MATLAB slicer converting voxelized refractive-index volumes to position-and-power print instructions, and experimentally calibrate IP-Dip2 refractive index using two-immersion digital holographic microscopy. Printed cell and C. elegans anterior-region phantoms demonstrate internal optical contrast, while grayscale lithography reduces measured surface roughness from 49 to 17 nm at 300 nm slicing. The accessible refractive-index
The study asks how to combine sub-micrometer hydrogel patterning with larger tissue-engineering constructs. A Type II Eosin Y/triethanolamine photoinitiating system reduces heat generation in projection two-photon lithography. Experiments demonstrate high-fidelity hydrogel microparticles, sub-micrometer line features, and 815 particles per hour for the reported 250-micrometer-high geometry. Extrusion assembles these microparticles into scaffolds; cell-culture experiments show pore-dependent infiltration and groove-dependent alignment, supported by simplified particle and coarse-grained cell si
The study asks how programmable maskless projection lithography can resolve dense nanoscale patterns under visible femtosecond illumination. Two cascaded spatial light modulators independently control amplitude and phase; alternating phase shifts suppress light between neighboring features, while two-photon exposure and photoresist thresholding refine linewidth. Optical simulations and scanning electron microscopy measurements support approximately 60 nm linewidths and 235 nm single-exposure pitch under 517 nm illumination. Two sequential interleaved exposures achieve approximately 158 nm pitc
Can in-situ metrology preserve two-photon lithography accuracy over long runs? A single-cavity dual-comb laser supplies writing light and phase measurements; a dynamic model adjusts exposure from measured height. Fabricated diffractive optical elements and four-focus lenses showed improved contrast and focus uniformity. A 12-hour cuboid experiment reported an 84 nm mean height error for a 4.8 µm target. The demonstrated feedback controls height, requires negligible or consistent development shrinkage, and did not demonstrate lateral feedback.
Kim and Saha investigate how to preserve nanoscale printing fidelity while projecting many laser focal spots in parallel. Their custom grayscale projection two-photon lithography system uses binary, sub-diffraction motifs to independently tune spot intensity. Fourier-optics simulations select the patterns; optical measurements and fabricated polymer structures demonstrate control of linewidth, compensation of proximity and illumination effects, and continuous single-pulse-per-layer printing. Motif palettes depend on the optical configuration and require recalibration when the number of project
This experimental study tests image-mode spatial light modulation as a way to increase two-photon polymerization throughput by projecting patterns to fabricate several microstructures together. A 515 nm femtosecond laser and modified OrmoComp photoresin produced pillar arrays, square boxes and rings; pulse energy and exposure time controlled lateral dimensions and heights while the focal z position remained fixed. The measured processing window included smooth pillars 0.6–1.2 micrometres in diameter and structure heights of 0.25–1.5 micrometres. Excessive irradiation produced irregular edges a
The study asks how renewable terpene-derived monomers can be molecularly designed for two-photon polymerisation. It synthesises new multi-acrylates and experimentally prints microtopographies and a detailed logo, with scanning electron microscopy showing that the nopol-derived triacrylate NTA produces well-defined, smooth features at reported processing conditions. This is a small-scale fabrication demonstration: proposed biofilm resistance is based on molecular descriptor calculations, and the biological effects of the newly printed surfaces are not directly tested.
Measured linear spectroscopy and absolute multiphoton-excited fluorescence, supported by quantum-chemical calculations, relate electron-donating branch geometry in three diquinoxalines to two- and three-photon absorption. DQ-DPA engages four electronically active branches and reaches 230 ± 50 GM in its lowest-energy two-photon band, compared with two active branches and approximately 110–120 GM for DQ-IMD and DQ-DDA. All three initiate fabrication of fluorescent 3D microstructures in an acrylic resin. The additive branch interpretation is supported by orbital calculations; the demonstrated app
The study tests compact aromatic tricyanoethylene dyes as photoinitiating systems for PETA using LED curing and two-photon direct laser writing. Measurements identify PerTCNE/DMCHA as having a 2 mW polymerization threshold and a 2–13 mW fabrication window at 100 µm/s. Anthracene-based formulations produced 3D cages and separate nanoscale line tests. Fabrication performance depends on formulation and exposure conditions; fibroblast extract assays provide preliminary biocompatibility evidence for processed polymers.
This experimental study asks whether custom solid microstructures can be fabricated directly inside living cells. The authors microinject photoresist into HeLa cells and use two-photon polymerization to print approximately 10-micrometer structures, including graphical barcodes and diffraction gratings. Separate whole-droplet single-photon curing produces intracellular microlasers. Confocal imaging and electron microscopy characterize the structures, and cellular observations show division and altered division times. The method is a proof of concept in individually handled cells; injection and
The paper introduces a pathway-first construction for freeform photonic interconnects in nearly hyperuniform dielectric slabs. Fixed, staggered offset points are embedded in a background relaxed under a periodic repulsive potential, then tessellated into dielectric networks. Finite-difference time-domain simulations predict low excess routing loss for specific designs within a confined-mode spectral window. Silicon near-infrared transmission and scaled ceramic microwave measurements support guided transport; microwave field mapping shows confinement along a curved route. Low-loss operation req
Can miniature optics printed directly on a single-mode fiber tailor both bright-centered and vortex Bessel beams? The authors fabricate a three-segment polymer photonic structure using two-photon lithography and experimentally demonstrate zeroth-order and high-order beams, including topological charges up to 20. Analytical relations connect printed geometry to beam width and diffraction-free distance. Many beam characterizations use structures printed on cover glass; the polymer may constrain operation in harsh environments.
This preprint asks which known mechanisms could increase deuterium fusion rates in solids at ambient conditions. It reviews atomic screening and proximity, nuclear resonances, and coherent quantum dynamics, and supplies model calculations and a research roadmap for combining enhancements. The large combined enhancements are conditional theoretical estimates, not a measured demonstration of ambient-temperature fusion or useful energy production; key low-energy resonances and collective coupling assumptions require experimental validation.
Can programmable optical nodes reduce the digital equalization burden in long-haul spatial division multiplexing? The authors develop a differentiable transmission model that optimizes photonic unitary transformations and implement them on a silica photonic processor. A three-mode recirculating-fibre experiment reaches 1,331.2 km and reduces the reported delay spread from approximately 25 ns to 10 ns compared with an identity transformation; simulations also examine ten modes.
The authors investigate whether direct high-resolution 3D printing can realize short, geometrically complex photonic crystal fiber waveguides and integrate them on optical fiber tips. They fabricate and optically characterize multiple waveguide designs and a 210 µm polymer polarization beam splitter composed of a down-taper, dual-core directional coupler, and fan-out. Iterative simulation, fabrication, and measurement produce a coupling-length ratio of 1.97; the fiber-mounted splitter experimentally exceeds 10 dB extinction over a 100 nm bandwidth around 1550 nm.
Almost entirely empty space. Still full of possibility. Explore a foam made of palladium nanowires—and discover how it holds hydrogen inside the metal itself.
A gold cone among resonant cylinders retained enhancement comparable to a cooperative cone array in fluorescence-based inference. Compare the geometries, per-emitter estimates and model assumptions in this arXiv manuscript.
This preprint tests two PAMGuard location pipelines with simulated whale calls and reports large errors under several uncertainties. Explore the seven scenarios, two different error metrics, and how clock differences enter the geometry.
Imagine giving a clue that reveals the answer to you but leaves someone else guessing. Can a teacher learn to choose better clues while making room for students to ask? Balzan and colleagues tested this in a computer game where learners could use different identifying traits. Their simulations found that learning about group needs improved efficiency, while student questions enabled everyone to identify the target under the model’s rules. The work suggests a mechanism worth testing in education, but it has not been validated in classrooms.
When AI agents talk, agreement is only half the story. A group can average to zero because everyone is unsure—or because two camps are absolutely convinced.
A companion is a separate website that helps readers explore a paper’s ideas through interactions such as changing a parameter, comparing outcomes, or inspecting a mechanism. It links back to the original research and does not replace the publication.
How can researchers use iPaper.ai?
Share a companion alongside your publication, link to it from your lab website, or use it in a lecture or conference talk. Choose a paper whose mechanism, model, or comparison benefits from hands-on exploration.
Which papers can I turn into an interactive website?
Start with a publicly readable research article, DOI, or direct full-text PDF link, or upload a PDF you have permission to use. iPaper.ai needs the full paper; an abstract alone is not enough. It cannot bypass paywalls. If a publisher blocks retrieval, try a public repository copy or a direct PDF link.
Do I need to code, and what do I receive?
You do not need to write code. iPaper.ai generates a hosted interactive experience with a shareable link, source attribution, and a downloadable copy of your website. Review the explanation and interactions against your paper before sharing them.
Is iPaper.ai free, and are my experiences public?
iPaper.ai is currently free to use. Your draft stays private while you review it and request changes. It appears in the public gallery only after you approve and publish a specific version.
Does an interactive companion reproduce my experiments?
Not necessarily. Interactions may be simplified educational models rather than reproductions of the paper’s experiments. AI-generated explanations need scientific review. Check the assumptions, limitations, figures, and source references before presenting the companion as an explanation of your work.
Built with researchers
Help shape what’s next.
Try an experience. Share it with a colleague. Tell us what made the science clearer—and what didn’t.